How Does Phonics Develop Early Reading?

How does phonics develop early reading and how should phonics be taught? The most important skill any child can leave primary school with is the ability to read independently and effectively for meaning. ’ (DFE National Literacy Strategy) Reading has become an integral part of our lives; within the world we live in today we rely heavily on information and environmental text. It is important that from an early age Children are immersed in books everyday.With parents reading short stories to there children daily it will be inevitable that those children will stand a better chance at becoming stronger fluent readers. However distractions at home can have a detrimental affect on children’s development in reading as parents may not have enough time to help this. Many subjects rely on access to texts and an holdup or absence in basic literacy skills will effect progress in these areas. Phonics is â€Å"a method of teaching people to read by correlating sounds with symbols in an alphabetic writing system. (Oxford Dictionaries) Phonics is not something new and has been used in schools to help children learn and read since the â€Å"mid nineteenth century† (Browne 2011, 27) Although it had become less significant within schools during 1950’s it has continued to appear in practice within schools since. Within this essay I will be looking into the role of Phonics within teaching children to read while also looking at the different phonic systems in place and choosing the most effective one.I will be talking about the theory I have learned as well as my experience in schools while on placement with my foundation two class. There are two methods of teaching phonics in the classroom both Synthetic Phonics and Analytical Phonics. I will be concentrating more on Synthetic Phonics as it is considered to be â€Å"the best method for teaching reading. † (DfE 2010, p11) Children are taught to read and spell during the same period. They are taugh t the individual correspondences between sounds that are known as phonemes and written letters, which are known as graphemes.An example of this would be h-a-t = hat. They can also use this technique to pull apart those sounds that would help with spelling of words. For example hat = h-a-t. (Rowlingson) Whereas Analytical phonics is the complete opposite as they will start with a whole word and analyse a part of it. â€Å"In English there are 44 sounds (Phonemes) which are written using 26 letters of the alphabet† (Browne 2011, p27) There are many more Graphemes than Phonemes with most phonemes being represented by a number of different graphemes. Synthetic phonics can be taught in many ways.The Primary Framework for Literacy (DfES, 2006a) gives a progressive plan on how to teach phonics. I found during my time with Foundation year 2’s the teacher I was working with concentrated on implementing four new letters every week as well as recapping what they had learnt from t he previous week. I asked her if it worked well and she certainly seemed to think so. Before she would be doing a new letter a day, although this would allow her to teach at a good pace she noticed the children were struggling to remember all the letters and sounds they would learn.Because of this she had to revise the way she was teaching the phonics to go at a pace the children were comfortable with. She revised her plan so that every day her children would recap over the letters they had previously been taught. I noticed that however much planning was in place that it was always best to go by how the children would cope and over time you will become familiar with the class you are working with and this will come naturally.Once the alphabetic code has been taught you will advance to more complex graphemes and simple consonant-vowel-consonant words to much more complex CVC words. This will give the children a good understanding of being able to read and write these. It also allows them to then combine what they have learnt from the sounds into whole words. This however doesn’t always work with all words that are known as ‘phonically irregular’ also known as ‘tricky words’ as they do not comply to the phonics rules that are being taught.An example of this will be l-i-g-h-t, which clearly won’t make much sense when viewed from a phonics point of view. These words will be learnt by rote, which is a memorizing process using repetition where the teacher feels appropriate based on how successful the child is at reading. By understanding these procedures of reading it is possible to decode entirely unfamiliar words. From my experience within my Foundation year two class I learnt that it was important to keep the phonics lessons short, with around thirty minutes a day dedicated to this.Some people may believe that because it was only a short period of time to cover phonics the lesson will be very restricted with the children ha ving to take in all the information they are being given by the teacher with no participation. While being on placement I witnessed first hand exactly what happens in the typical Phonics lesson; it would start with ‘Fast phonics first’ where the children would watch a musical animation of the alphabet being sang out with the children engaging and singing along.The lesson then covers what the children had learnt the previous week in a short recap while then covering the new letters. This can be done in many ways. The teacher often puts the new letter on the interactive board and plays magic finger which sees the children watch the letter being drawn in the air with her finger and gets the children to copy this and then write this down on there own individual whiteboards which keeps them involved.This way it allows the children to experience an engaging lesson that they will remember, its also important that the teacher recaps on the letters the following day so that the children will keep the letters in there minds much longer. Over my six weeks I saw that the lessons would get gradually harder which follows what The Primary Framework Literacy (DfES,2006a) plan states.The diagraphs such as consonant diagraphs where two consonants join together to produce a single sound the most popular being â€Å"ch† â€Å"sh† and â€Å"th† Vowel diagraphs can also be used such as â€Å"ai† â€Å"ea† and â€Å"oo† etc by using these as well as CVC words it will help with the children’s understanding and knowledge of reading. A structure is very important when teaching Phonics and in Jim Rose’s independent review of the teaching of early reading many people agree with this. The review itself was conducted during 2005 with Jim Rose publishing his discovery early the following year.He talks about how phonics should be taught at the age of 5 years from foundation until year 2 and beyond. It should be Systematic c arefully planned and progressive which fits well to my observations while on placement. It should also be taught discretely daily at a brisk pace with the main point being that children are learning to decode and encode print. The key point from this Rose review however is that â€Å"it is part of a broad, rich curriculum† Meaning it should be used in all areas of teaching the children and not something that is separate.Another scheme would be that of Michael Gove Secretary of state for education who stated â€Å"A solid foundation in reading is crucial to a child’s success as they progress through primary school, into secondary school and then in later life† (Michael Gove 2012) He talks about how expected reading levels of ages 7 and 11 are simply not achieving with the government are looking to raise the standard of reading in the early years of primary school, his idea is that he wants children to read to learn information rather than reading to learn to read . We are determined to raise literacy standards in our schools, especially of those not achieving the expected level – a light-touch phonics-based check will provide reassurance that children in Year 1 have learned this important skill, will enable us to pinpoint those who are struggling at an early age and will give them the help they need before it is too late. (Michael Gove 2012) Systematic Synthetic Phonics is an extremely valuable program that works effectively within the reading and writing of children’s lives however It should be used alongside other strategies such as analytical I briefly mentioned earlier this is because every child is different and just because something works well for one child doesn’t always mean it’s the same for every child. With other strategies it will help every child no matter what the ability maybe. By using more than one program, most topics will be covered that suit the child. â€Å"Phonic knowledge can be taught in many ways† (DfES,2006a). 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Powerlessness in “Of Mice And Men” Essay

â€Å"Of Mice and Men† , written in 1937, is set in America during the Great Depression and tells the tragic story of George Milton and Lennie Small, two displaced ranch workers who move from place to place in search of jobs. All of the characters in Of Mice and Men are most definitely not powerless. Curly’s wife has control over the other ranchers despite being a female, Lennie though unintelligent has power through his physical strength and George, who although has Lennie to take care of can make his own decisions and live independently. First and foremost, Curly’s wife is not powerless because she has supreme authority over the ranchers. Although she is a female, all Curly’s wife has to do is complain to Curly about one of the ranchers and they’re canned, â€Å"†¦Curly maybe ain’t gonna like his wife out in the barn†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . Subsequently, Curly’s wife has authority over Crooks because he is a negro. She could not only get him canned, but killed, â€Å"I could get you strung up in a tree so easy it ain’t even funny.† Curly’s wife is certainly not powerless in Of Mice and Men. Furthermore, Lennie is not helpless because of his physical strength. Despite him not being the smartest tool in the shed by a long shot, Lennie still has power over the other ranchers because of his massive strength. â€Å"The next minute Curly was flopping like a fish on a line, and his fist was lost in Lennie’s big hand.† Moreover, because of his strength he can â€Å"buck barley† exceptionally well, meaning that without too much trouble he and George are able to find jobs, â€Å"Maybe he ain’t bright, but I never seen such a worker.† Lennie is absolutely not debilitated in Of Mice and Men. Penultimately, George is not disempowered because he can make his own decisions and be independent. Without a doubt George is affected by having to take care of Lennie, but he also could live fine on his own, â€Å"†¦if I was alone I could live so easy.† Additionally, although Lennie is a burden in many ways he also empowers George because he is stupid. George can tell Lennie to do whatever he likes, and Lennie will do it, â€Å"I turns to Lennie  and says, ‘Jump in.’ An’ he jumps.† George is unmistakably not impotent in Of Mice and Men. Conclusively, not all characters in Of Mice and Men are powerless. Curly’s wife has unquestionable power over the ranchers, Lennie has power through his supreme strength and George has power through Lennie and his own ability to survive. How can anyone say that all the characters in Of Mice and Men are powerless?

Milky Way

Quinci Chapple Mrs. Ryan Language A – 9H January 12, 2012 Finding the Milky Way I often gaze into the night sky only to find bright lights and strange shapes I don’t understand. Starting at a young age, I enjoyed waiting for shooting stars and searching for the famous Big Dipper consolation as many nights as I could. As I grew older, I learned more and more about the universe and all that it contains. Today, I am even more intrigued by, not just the universe, but our very own Milky Way galaxy.I am amazed by its complicated systems and beautiful landscapes, but I still wanted to know how all of its magnificence was discovered. From receiving several astronomical filed guides and photographic collections from family over the years, I already knew some information about the Milky Way. I knew it received its name from the â€Å"milky† light it sheds and that it consists of millions of stars. By observing pictures, I could tell most research about the galaxy was done using telescopes with cameras.I also concluded that the Sun is at the center of the galaxy, but that was just from my comprehension of the term â€Å"solar system†. In other words, I really did not know much about how the Milky Way was discovered, especially since telescopes and high quality technology has not been around forever. The area of interaction that I believe ties to my research is Human Ingenuity. Human Ingenuity focuses on the evolution of process and human creations. How it is important to research the developments of humans throughout history and how those creations affect life and society.The processes made by astronomers to observe the Milky Way have affected human life tremendously, considering it’s where humans live. The steady research of the galaxy through time has led to even greater discoveries and information that humans never thought possible to obtain. I want to know the exact progression of methods and research in discovering the Milky Way. Fr om where the first astronomers got their ideas and plans to take on such a puzzling challenge, to how those methods have led to all the facts we know about the galaxy today.I want to learn about the instruments used to make these discoveries and the people behind them. I would like to be able to conduct a general timeline of the uncovering of the Milky Way. In addition, I find myself wondering why it is so important to study the Milky Way and other elements of outer space. To learn so much information, I need to ask myself questions based on the research topic. Because I want to know how the Milky Way was discovered, I ask the main question, what methods and tools were and are used to observe the Milky Way?The Search Originally, I began my search with the topic astronomical discoveries in mind. I navigated to my school’s library website to use the databases available there shown to me by the librarian. I typed the words astronomy discoveries in the Gale Power Search database, scrolled down reading the various article titles, then clicked on Cosmic Discoveries: The Wonder of Astronomy. As I began to read over the article, I did not understand the information. I soon realized the article was a very short book review for a book I did not have.I clicked back to my search results to find another article titled, 10 years ago in Astronomy. However, this too ended up being a book review. I left the Gale Power Search back to the library’s website to visit the database ProQuest where I searched astronomy discoveries once again. This time, I clicked an article titled Top 10 discoveries of the last 35 years, assuming it would be about discoveries in astronomy over the years. Starting to read the article, I came across a section that raved about the thousands of breakthroughs in astronomy in thirty-five years, the article only covering a ten.This section helped me realize that my topic was too broad to make of, so I decided to narrow my search topic to the di rect history of the Milky Way galaxy. Coming in with my narrowed search topic made things a lot simpler. I used the search engine Google to type in the keywords history of the Milky Way. Thousands of articles popped up, but I clicked on the page Wikipedia had made for the Milky Way. The article was helpful because it was organized into sections, one of them being history, which I immediately went to.The history section of the article gave specific dates and names that contributed to my search. The article explained the first observations of the galaxy and told of the works of the first astronomers, yet the information given was limited. Since I turned my search to the history of the Milky Way, I began to take into consideration how I might transform this topic into a personal project. That thought mixed with the small pieces of information Wikipedia gave made me doubt my space inspired topics. Space was not turning out to be as interesting as I had thought. My next search kept me se t on my topic.Using Google, I searched how was the Milky Way discovered which brought up a great article. The article was set up like a timeline that was simple and easy to understand, especially with all the dates. Once I read and took notes on this article my Area of Interaction was obvious, Human Ingenuity. Now that I had my lens to focus through, researching and planning for my paper was getting much easier. My next few searches were all through Google; one that was really helpful was the search discovering the Milky Way where I found the widespread article The Milky Way Galaxy.This article was the most helpful of all my sources because it provided many pages of clear, organized information fully concerning my topic. The article was more like a book, organized into numbered â€Å"chapters† discussing several different aspects of the Milky Way’s history and current status. The article had one specific section about the techniques used to observe the galaxy over the years. I marked countless notes in my journal that would greatly contribute to my research. The text noted radio mapping and the great history of telescopes.That article lead me to my next search, telescope used to observe the Milky Way. I clicked on the first article titled, Telescope witnesses Milky Way star birth. The article was very useful because it went a little more into depth with the processes used to observe and map the galaxy. It told me about the people to first observe the Milky Way and how far research on the galaxy has come. The article was very current which was supportive to the information. The many articles about the telescopes lead me to my last search, invention of the Herschel telescope (one of the first telescopes used).The article History of the Telescope- Telescope Tips gave a perfect, brief description of the history of the telescope. The article was a great way to wrap up my search with a little more background about the astronomers and their inventions t o uncover more about the Milky Way. What I Discovered The information that I found through my research revealed ideas that I was not aware of and clarified facts that I thought I knew. The investigation answered the research question and provided details extending my thoughts and research topic.Insight on the main ideas was provided by several sources developing thoughts on the structure and contents of the Milky Way, the techniques used to research the Milk Way, the instruments used to observe the galaxy, and the people who contributed to the galaxy’s record. Many of the sources I found described discoveries of the structure and materials within the Milky Way. I learned that in 1915, the galaxy was found to be made up of thousands of globular clusters, which are groupings of millions of stars. Also, around the same time of this discovery, the galaxy was proposed to be a disk shape with several arms extending out from the center.Some of the arms called Sagittarius, Carina, Or ion, and Perseus all extend from the center of the galaxy, the sun being in the Orion arm. All this information was later confirmed by the Spitzer Space Telescope. However, one source told that there are more stars in the galaxy than can be seen because molecular clouds of dust block the light from the stars and cut the view of the system. These dust clouds often contain RR Lyrae stars which are â€Å"used to locate the center of the galaxy because clusters can be seen at relatively great distances.The stars are used to measure distance and Luminosity Relation to the Sun, which calculates the brightness of individual stars. â€Å"I found out later that the molecular dust helps in another way of research. As I continued to research, I discovered the method of radio mapping that has been used since the early 1960s. Radio mapping was an important discovery for the mapping of the Milky Way, â€Å"Astronomers had been trying the build such maps a topical wavelengths, but with the deve lopment of workable radio telescopes in the 1950s, observations were finally able to cut through the murk and create a useful map.The Milky Way had been thought to be a spiral galaxy, and the radio map of the H-I (hydrogen cold) regions showed that it seemed to have three spiral arms†(Goebel) Radio signals are sent out from Earth into the galaxy, then machines measure the wavelengths of the radio signals â€Å"bouncing† back to Earth off the molecular clouds. This process has mapped physical features of the Milky Way through telescopes and computers. According to the article â€Å"Telescope witness’s Milky Way star birth† by Clara Moskowitz, radio mapping is not the first or only method used to find the Milky Way.A 1700s astronomer named William Herschel was the first known to observe the Milky Way. Herschel created a space telescope inspired by the scientist Isaac Newton’s telescope sometime in the early 1700s. â€Å"Herschel’s infrared vis ion lets us sense the feeble heat from some of the coldest objects in the cosmos. † (Moskowitz) Herschel’s telescope measured stars and celestial objects so those could be mapped as well, since there are so many within the galaxy. This article also described the modern tools used to observe space.The Photo detector Array Camera and Spectrometer (PACS) and the Spectral and Photometric Imaging Receiver (SPIRE) can be sent out in space or remain in an observatory to work together to take five images at once. The celestial objects to be photographed are limitless, and include the arms and clusters of the Milky Way. Herschel began his research by â€Å"cutting† the sky into equal sections, then using his telescope to best count the number of stars in each section, then drew out a map of the galaxy setting the Sun in the center.In 1920, an American astronomer, Kapteyn, created a modern version of Herschel’s famous map, but with an updated placement of the Sun wh ich was proven to be slightly off center. So, I discovered that the telescope played a major role, probably the most important role, in discovering the Milky Way, â€Å"From Issac Newton’s first working telescope to Herschel’s large scale style, and the telescope has opened the eyes of aspiring astronomers for centuries into the extraordinary world that is our Milky Way Galaxy. †(White).The results I obtained through my search process have collectively answered all aspects of my research question. The question at hand was, what methods and tools were and are used to observe the Milky Way? I learned about the telescope and how it is the main instrument that has been used for centuries in astronomy research. I was also hoping to find out about the features of the Milky Way, which learning about the telescope lead me to find. I also learned about the method of radio mapping and how helpful its results have been.The radio mapping found the RR Lyrae Stars which both have been impactful. I was introduced to some modern machines that are used today for observations. Also, going beyond the research question, I was educated about the people who made significant research concerning the galaxy. However, learning about the people connected me to the methods they used, such as Herschel’s mapping, which answered the sole inquiry of the question. Reflection During the writing of my I-Search paper I acquired many research skills while improving on my previous ones.My research skills helped me solve the problems I faced during research, but also allowed me to find reliable and organized information. I answered my research question completely and connected my research to the Area of Interaction that I chose. If I was able to go through this process again, there are some things that I would do differently. In addition, my research leading to my personal projects does not seem promising. While researching, I believe I learned how to tell is a topic is too broad or too narrow to write a paper with that makes sense while still being simple and direct.My topic started out being too broad to accurately cover over all the information regarding it, so I wanted to make it less generalized, but still in the same field as my original topic. I also learned that while taking notes it’s really important to take direct quotes from articles because they add a lot of authenticity and accuracy to the paper which makes for an all-around better paper. I believe I have always been good at taking notes which helped with my process journals. Also, connecting each process journal to the next makes it easy to write the â€Å"What I Discovered† section of the paper.Summarizing the main ideas of an article is really important, not copying every word. Some problems I had during my research were repetitive information throughout articles and finding articles that were book reviews which didn’t contribute at all. Some articles were too short or poorly written with limited information provided. Another minor problem was a lot of the articles I used did not show the author or date of publication. One the other hand, a lot of the articles I found were organized and gave interesting information that I didn’t find in any other article, which is exactly what I was looking for.Many of the articles I found provided names, dates, and photographs which help in understanding; I try my best to find sites that provide these features. It was very easy to find information that was clearly connected to my question and topic. The sites that I did find were reliable, if a site did not seem reliable, I did not use the information. My research resulted in a through and detailed answer to my research question, what methods and tools were and are used to observe the Milky Way? The methods used were explained to me and examples of instruments were given.I completely understand my topic from doing this research. Also, I used my Ar ea of Interaction, Human Ingenuity, to focus my search. The idea of using special methods to observe the world and designing tools, such as the telescope, to aid and strengthen human’s independent research. If I were to do the I-Search paper again, I would probably use an entirely new topic. Before starting the process journals I felt rushed to come up with a topic that was personal to me, able to produce a product (for the personal project), generally interesting, and had enough material behind it to write a paper on.I would choose a topic that I had the equipment and experience to create a product with. I own a telescope with connected camera, but I feel that it is not the quality to capture the galaxy, if I were to use this topic for my personal project. However, if I were to do the paper over again with the same topic, I would definitely organize my â€Å"What I Discovered† section into a clearer format that included more information that I decided to leave out thi s time for concern of length.I believe sometimes I write too much or include information that is irrelevant. Work Cited â€Å"Discovery of the Milky Way. †Ircamera. Google. January 10, 2012. http://ircamera. as. arizona. edu. /NatSci102/NatSci102/lectures/milkyway. htm. Goebel, Greg. †The Milky Way Galaxy. †In the Public Domain. June 1st, 2010. Google. January 11th, 2012. http://vectorsite. net/tastgal_07. html. Moskowitz, Clara. †Telescope witnesses Milky Way star birth. †Space on MSNBC. October 2nd,

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 35

Marketing - Essay Example As noted by Masterson and Pickton, it is important in distinguishing a business function (23). Indeed, marketing is a major success factor for any business entity. First, marketing plays a crucial role in creation of utility. From the definition of marketing by Jain, it would be noted that marketing involves time, place and people (3). It is against this background that marketing is considered as a useful function in creating time, place and possession utilities. Jain supports this argument noting the critical marketing activities of transportation, storage and selling as the key players in effecting this creation of utility (32). Transportation creates the place utility by making goods and services available to customers at the desired place. Storage allows businesses to supply such goods and services at the time when needed. Finally, through selling, marketing provides the possession utility of the commodities being sold to the customers. Thus, marketing enables organisations to create utilities. For example, Coca Cola uses marketing to create the time utility by promoting its products during festive seasons, say Christmas Day. Such boosts t he sales of the products when needed. Indeed, marketing creates utilities for products of business entities. Marketing fosters the competitiveness of a business entity. This is particularly so through marketing intelligence. As defined by Masterson and Pickton, marketing intelligence refers to the information relevant for a business entity’s market which is gathered and analysed to help in decision-making (54). Marketing is the business arm that involves direct interaction with customers and prospects. It is therefore an appropriate strategy to use for collection of information from the market. Such information would be useful in the determination of market opportunity and penetration strategies. It provides business entities with appropriate

Saltman Engineering Co Ltd V Campbell Engineering Ltd2 Essay

Saltman Engineering Co Ltd V Campbell Engineering Ltd2 - Essay Example This essay discusses that where information has economic value, it can be treated like any form of consideration. This is because it has a worth which becomes the property of the original owner or holder of it. And as such, when the 'owner' of such information feels his rights have been breached, he can take legal action against any losses. This situation has led to the development of confidentiality laws. Cases involving the abuse of rights to information are handled under the category of breach of confidence. In the earliest cases of the 19th century, people who brought action for the breach of confidence were required to show proof of a contract that restrained the defendants from making economic use of information given to them. This means that the initial courts invoked a common law position which required plaintiffs to insert clauses in the contracts they signed which involved the transfer of information that could potentially be used to the advantage of defendants. However in Saltman Engineering Co Ltd V Campbell Engineering Ltd a significantly different ruling came to force. In this case, Saltman Engineering conceived a business idea. They asked Campbell Engineering to draw up the plan and put it on course for the commercialisation of the invention. Campbell instructed a third party company to proliferate the idea and put the final product on the marketplace as though it was Campbell Engineering's original invention. Saltman Engineering took the matter to court. ... The case was therefore decided in favour of Saltman Engineering. This case was decided on the basis of equity. In other words, the common law position which required plaintiffs to show proof that there was some kind of contract which restrained the defendant from giving off the information was sidelined and the court pursued fairness. This laid the precedence for courts to use the principles of equity to decide cases involving the breach of confidence. Equity and the Breach of Confidentiality The concept of the breach of confidence was to be decided on the basis of equity rather than common law after the Saltman case. From the way it emerged, the concept of confidentiality was to cut across four main aspects of interaction and communication: personal information3, government information, artistic/literary secrets and trade secrets4. However, there was an issue related to the invocation of equity in cases relating to confidentiality. This mainly has to do with the inherent nature of t he development of the principles of equity. By default, equity acts in personam and this therefore means that every case had to be examined according to the special facts and cases relating to it. This meant that the courts would always have to spend considerable time looking at the main elements of each case they receive, appraise it and take decisions where appropriate. This called for the need to build some hedges around the concept of the breach of contract and define the parameters of this legal concept. This finally came in the landmark case of Coco V AN Clark5 where Judge Megarry made the landmark ruling: 'I doubt whether equity would intervene unless the circumstances are of sufficient gravity: equity ought

Marijuana Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Marijuana - Essay Example Teenagers are naturally inquisitive, one of the justifications given for this age group experimenting with drugs. They also are inclined to become bored easily and experience recurrent emotional highs and lows, all probable factors in teenage marijuana use. Drug use increases the chance that teenagers will contract a social disease, become pregnant, perform inadequately in school and attempt suicide as this paper will examine. State and Support Three Claims Adolescents are in a more vulnerable life circumstance than are adults because teens are still developing in every facet of their lives. Regrettably, it is this same group that has the most access to marijuana as schools have become prolific illegal drug stores. Statistics collected by the National Institute on Drug Abuse demonstrate that schoolchildren have easy access to drugs and alcohol. â€Å"The average age of first alcohol use is 12 and the average age of first drug use is 13. Almost two-thirds of all American young people try illicit drugs before they finish high school† (Anderson, 1996) The relationship between illegal drug use among teens and an increased occurrence of sexual activity is a broadly accepted reality by both researchers and the general public. Many studies have time and again demonstrated an association between unsafe sexual behavior and illegal drug use by teenagers. Drug users are more prone to take risks than do teens that don’t use drugs. This may be an obvious assertion but a tendency to take unnecessary chances with their health combined with a lowering of inhibitions while on drugs and the inherent need of all teens to feel accepted by their peer group leads to increased sexual activity. This problematic circumstance also enhances the chance of teens having multiple sexual partners, having sex at an earlier age and decreases the odds that they will utilize contraception than those that do not use marijuana. â€Å"Teens 15 and older who use drugs are five times mo re likely to have sex than are those teens who do not use drugs and teens who have used marijuana are four times more likely to have been pregnant or to have gotten someone pregnant than teens who have never smoked pot† (The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse, 1997). Teenagers are more emotionally unstable younger children and adults which explains the higher suicide rate among that age group. A study involving teenagers found that of those who attempted suicide, illegal drug abuse was the most often shared aspect of their lives. Of the teens that committed suicide, 70 per cent were regular users of illegal drugs and/or alcohol. However, this study and current research reveal that drug use alone may not instigate suicide just that drug use and teen suicide is statically related. Teens who experience emotional troubles to a higher degree than their classmates have an even greater likelihood of considering suicide and to use illegal drugs. Additionally drugs could magnify a pre-existing emotional condition and â€Å"may impair the judgment of teens considering suicide, making suicide attempts more likely† (Shaffer et al, 1996). Discussing Arguments: Dialogue The majority and probably all countries of the world face the steady trafficking of illegal drugs across their borders. Countries are increasingly realizing that the illegal importation of drugs, a criminal act, generally involves people of foreign origin, is ultimately more harmful to society than is the use of drugs

The Lady Eve review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Lady Eve review - Essay Example In this film, Rowans father is willing to do anything for his sick son. He is seen traveling a long journey to seek treatment for his son who was discovered with Autism disease. The father has played a parenting role as he overcomes all the challenges along the way without giving up. A society has a power to determine how children grow and their future character. It is imperative for parents to give and offer the right morals and guidance to their children for better molding in a society. One of the major differences between Ai Wei-Wei and Banksy is that Ai Wei-Wei used graffiti art while Bankysy used street art. Bankysy was a filmmaker who used art to deliver his message. He was voted as one of the most influential persons in the world. He is put in the same category with the alike of Obama and lady gaga. He mainly displaces his art on publically visible places such as walls. On the other hand, Wei-Wei was a filmmaker and activist in China. His use of art was considered as destructive. He uses Scarecrow to deliver his message in the street of China. Art is a variety of human activities and the resulting product of those activities that usually involve technical and imaginative skills. These activities include criticism of work, work of art production, the study of art, and dissemination of art. Art focuses on the production of visual art that includes the creation of object or image, painting, printmaking, and photography. Art can be mainly be used for educating a s ociety. One of the place where you can display art include on public streets and roads. A good example where you can use art is when you want to challenge a governments decision to ignore public opinion. One can decide to use art to educate people about the serious consequences of the governments choice of action or decision. Art is very effective way of communication and educating a society. The book of Kells is sometimes known as

Recruiting,retaining and developing staff Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Recruiting,retaining and developing staff - Essay Example Some of the processes considered during recruitments are planning, strategy development, searching, screening, and evaluation. Research shows that strategies are more important for any company that needs to recruit or attract employees. Such strategies address the immediate and long term needs of finding potential employees (Kumar & Sharma 550). An organization uses various methods during the recruitment process. Such methods have effects on the selection process and the efficiency of selection in a number of ways; first, methods used determines the number of applicants, more so qualified applicants that can be recruited for certain positions. Secondly, it determines the organization’s process of meeting its obligations to hire minority groups. This is done by advertising, sending information to minority colleges, and searching for qualified minority women. Thirdly, effects on the turnover rates of employees is inevitable, the facts is that lower turnover rates is evaluated because recruiters shows the positive and negative aspects of certain jobs. For example, in most cases the recruiters provides unrealistic expectations to the applicants about the company and jobs. Applicants are likely to be frustrated, dissatisfied, or leave a job at early stages. To avoid such actions, a company should provide a clear picture o f a company’s working, and training process (Kumar & Sharma 551). The recruitment process is done through two different sources; internal sources and the external sources. The internal source of recruitment is done by promoting workers in the lower level of job to the higher level. In most cases, the employees in the lower level are trained by the organization to have enough qualification for higher level. Research shows that, an internal source of recruitment is good for an organization because low cost of training is realized (Kumar & Sharma 551). External sources of recruitment are done to fill the vacancies at the lower level

The Present US Policy on Foreign Born Nurses Essay

The Present US Policy on Foreign Born Nurses - Essay Example As the report declares the present policy allows the foreign nurses to get a working visa in United States hospitals within an average of sixty days. The new policy will make the minimum working visa processing extended to the three years period. The new policy that will eventually affect doctors and technical workers is the result of the September 11 attack on the twin towers of New York and the White House. The longer waiting time for the foreign nurses will help the United States immigration department to scrutinize the application papers of these foreigners. This paper stresses that the advantages of the present US policy limiting the number of foreign workers has the following advantages: Only a selected few are admitted to the US workforce. Only those who pass the CGFNS and NCLEX and the Test of English as a foreign language plus they must have the necessary job experiences and educational requirements are most likely to be admitted to the United States. The job opportunities of the United States nursing workforce is not as much threatened. Only 4% of the total present nursing workforce is dominated by foreign nurses. There is a strong feeling among the a group of United States nurses that there is really no need to hire foreign nurses. Extending the time required to process a nurse working visa from six months to three years will make it similar to the time requirement of three years in other fields of study like engineers, doctors, among others.

Personal Definition of Nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Personal Definition of Nursing - Essay Example Just like other courses and occupations, nursing has particularly defined professional values, principles and rules, and personal attributes required in order to ensure maximum service delivery to the patients. Since nursing is all about maintaining health care of community, professional values required of the practitioners involve devotion to promote: health, disease prevention, healing process, growth and development. Furthermore, professional values in the field of nursing include readiness to minimize stress and suffering of the patients, and offer advice to the patients regarding how to cope with certain diseases or disorders. This is mainly possible through stating treatment process of a particular disease and the possible consequences likely to affect the treatment process. The profession of nursing requires practitioners to ensure utmost efforts in safeguarding the safety of patients despite the critical condition of the patients. Nursing is not an easy practice considering the challenges faced by practitioners in this field. The greatest part of nursing involves interaction with people of different personalities and characters suffering from a variety of diseases, some being communicable. Cultural, political, social, religious and gender diversity encompass the greatest challenges likely to be faced by nurses. In order to survive and remain active in this field, practitioners are expected to prove certain personal values. To start with, individuals serving in the field of nursing should be tolerant. ... This is mainly possible through stating treatment process of a particular disease and the possible consequences likely to affect the treatment process. The profession of nursing requires practitioners to ensure utmost efforts in safeguarding the safety of patients despite the critical condition of the patients. Nursing is not an easy practice considering the challenges faced by practitioners in this field. The greatest part of nursing involves interaction with people of different personalities and characters suffering from a variety of diseases, some being communicable. Cultural, political, social, religious and gender diversity encompass the greatest challenges likely to be faced by nurses. In order to survive and remain active in this field, practitioners are expected to prove certain personal values. To start with, individuals serving in the field of nursing should be tolerant. For example, it will be hard for an intolerant nurse to provide adequate health care services to a harsh , abusive patient with very negative emotions. This requires a nurse to be empathetic and slow to anger. Nurses are also supposed to be supportive so that they can keep track with the progress of the patient during recovery and offer advice and encouragements along the way. For instance, in case of a patient suffering from a chronic disease or deadly disease like HIV/AIDS, the family members or even the patient may suffer mental and psychological distress. The support of nurses in such cases will involve thorough counseling and monitoring of drug dosage. Another personal value required of a nurse is being indiscriminate. A nurse should be ready to provide health care services to patients of all types and from different

Research question and case study Annotated Bibliography

Research question and case study - Annotated Bibliography Example This loss of demand for the products traded in by the retail company happens to render large amounts of impact on the productivity and revenue patterns of the concern. Thus the retail companies to sustain their enhanced market share and profitability in the global market must strongly work to reduce the amount of lead times involved. Retail companies that mainly focus on the trading of fashionable garments and merchandises along with toys and technological products generally tend to suffer from the pitfalls of an ineffective supply chain system. Increasing lead times in the supply chain systems of such retail concerns leads to the unavailability of the right merchandise at the right season or time thereby contributing to loss of sales. It is therefore required for the retail organizations to arrange for the merchandises specifically during the peak seasons to meet customer satisfaction and thereby gain in sale revenues. Again the increase in the lead times for such retail companies a lso amounts to piling up of unused or unsold merchandises in retail warehouses that in turn locks a considerable amount of working capital for the concern (Bakal and Geunes, 2010, p.2395-2396). The paper relating to the above fact tends to focus on cases where the retail business organizations have taken resort to technological and process innovations to help in reducing the amount of lead time involved. Fashion retail companies like Zara belonging to the Inditex group are found to take resort to process innovations in its retail operations to contribute in the reduction of lead times. The retail company is observed to suffer from the loss of sales owing to the emergence of assorted sizes pertaining to garments in their different stores. In that the fashion retail company required the store managers of different operating stores to render individual

Discuss the Role of Neural and Hormonal Mechanisms in Aggression Essay Example for Free

Discuss the Role of Neural and Hormonal Mechanisms in Aggression Essay Support that serotonin leads to aggressive behaviour has been found, as human and animal research suggest that serotonin levels influence aggression and violent behaviour. There seems to be a negative correlation as low levels of serotonin, increase aggressive behaviour. Although we cannot determine a causal link as the cause of aggression cannot be attributed solely to serotonin. The link between dopamine and aggression is not as clear as with serotonin. Although there does seem to be a relationship between high levels of dopamine and aggression. Dopamine is produced in response to rewarding stimuli such as food, sex and recreational drugs. Research suggests that some individuals try to find aggressive encounters because of the rewarding sensations it brings, caused by increases in dopamine. Researchers have also suggested that people can become addicted to aggression, in the same way that they become addicted to food, gambling, etc. Ferrari et al. made a rat fight for 10 consecutive days. On the 11th day it was not allowed to fight. Researchers found that in anticipation of the fight the rat’s dopamine levels had raised and serotonin levels had decreased. This shows that experience had altered the rat’s brain chemistry, gearing it up for a fight. This supports the idea that both neurotransmitters are involved in aggressive behaviour and suggests a possible cognitive element in aggression i. e. the anticipation the rats experienced seemed to altar the levels of neurotransmitters in the brain. It is hard to extrapolate these results from animals to humans as it is unclear whether the influence is the same for both. Hormonal mechanisms such as testosterone and cortisol, are chemicals which regulate and control body functions. It is said that hormone levels affect a person’s behaviour. An example of a hormone which affects body functions is testosterone. This hormone is found in both men and women, but in larger quantities in men. Testosterone makes aggression more likely, but there is not a causal link. Nelson found a positive correlation between levels of testosterone and aggressive behaviour in male and female prisoners. However these levels were not measured during the aggressive act so we cannot be sure whether hormonal levels are a causal factor. Observational studies of children have shown that they tend to become more aggressive once they enter puberty and their testosterone levels rise. Pillay found that male and female athletes involved in aggressive sports have higher levels of testosterone than those involved in non-aggressive sports. Despite these findings we can question this using the basal and reciprocal model of testosterone. Did the male and females have high levels of testosterone and so were more competitive and dominant, therefore enjoying aggressive sports as stated by the basal model of testosterone. Or were the high levels of testosterone in those involved in aggressive sports exerted due to the aggressive sports, as stated by the reciprocal model of testosterone. Whether testosterone causes aggression has not been proved, although it does have an effect on aggressive behaviour. It also plays a big role in encouraging other behaviours i. e. dominance, impulsiveness and competition. These are all adaptive behaviours in human evolution and therefore very important for our survival as species. Despite this, this is a deterministic view of human behaviour. If aggression is completely controlled by neural and hormonal levels then it follows that individuals don’t exert any free will over their actions and that their behaviour is completely determined by their biochemistry. There are many individuals who have high testosterone levels, who may choose not to act aggressively even though they may be provoked. This demonstrates how a person can exert their free will and choose to override biological impulses. By only understanding aggressive behaviour from a biological approach, these explanations can be criticised for being reductionist. Simpson argues that testosterone is just one factor linked to aggression and that the effects of environmental stimuli such as heat and overcrowding have at times been found to correlate strongly. Likewise social psychological theories of aggression, e. g. social learning theory and deindividualisation have also received a lot of research support, for example the studies conducted by Bandura and Zimbardo.

Looking At The Ethical Issues Raised In Research Social Work Essay

Looking At The Ethical Issues Raised In Research Social Work Essay Political and ethical values have great impact on Social Sciences. While conducting research, the researcher should always be aware of those issues that may arise during time of the research process. Ethics in social research means linking individual responsibility to broader moral principles and to professional codes of conduct. Research ethics helps: to maintain the profession integrity, maintain the standards that have been set already; protects the reputation of good research; acknowledges research context; seeks funding and approval for ethical research (Z, Oleary, 2004 p42). Thus, power, politics and ethics should be analysed thoroughly by the researchers during the research process. Harm to participants: social researchers should try to minimize disturbances to both subjects and subjects relationship with their environment. Maintaining privacy and confidentiality of the participants are vital things in the research process. Researchers should be fully aware of data protection act 1998 and be recorded accordingly. Informed consent: individuals should be powered to make free decisions and be given all the information needed to make good decisions. Researchers should explain about the research including who is undertaking and financing, and why it is being undertaken and how it is to be promoted. Invasion of privacy: the anonymity and privacy of those who participates in the research process should be respected. Deception: The involvement of research participants must be entirely voluntary. If the participants do not understand fully or remember, they might not do what is expected or withdraw due to misunderstandings. Thus, participants should be empowered by full information along with the nature of the research. Indeed, it protects participants as well as researchers.(Bryman, A, 2008, p118-129) Similarly, professional practice and ethical standards should be maintained during the process of research by choosing relevant research methodology. Likewise, reporting should be accurate, fabrication and falsification of data are considered as misconduct and interpretation of the data should be according to the general methodological standards. Furthermore, the researcher- researcher relationship should be maintained by not misusing the authority or role given and researchers should not list authors in their report without their permission. The research in fact should be guided by the accepted ethical standards(S, Sarantakos, 1998, p20-25). Meanwhile, the political dimensions of the research should also be maintained during the research process in order to avoid biasness. Likewise, the political consideration of research includes the issues of outsider pressures, researchers own political position, the applicability of research findings and use of them by those who are in power, choice of research topic and research procedures, sponsors influence, funding bodies and governmental policy towards social science research (Bryman A, 2008, p131), as well as credibility of findings all should be considered throughout the research process.(S, Sarantakos,1998, p27-29) Two empirical research studies have been selected and analysed from political and ethical point of view .Those studies are : (1) Factors That Predicts How women Label Their Own Childhood Sexual Abuse, and (2)Family Environment in Hispanic College Females with a history of Childhood Sexual Abuse. Both journals are derived from the Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, vol 15(2) 2006 and; vol 16 (3) 2007 respectively. In both studies, all participants are females. Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) is a private crime, enshrouded in the Syndrome of secrecy (Furnish, 1991, p22). Ones personal appraisal of sexual abuse may depend on societal definitions that recognize extreme behaviours as abusive, but leave other behaviours. Although centuries of novels and autobiographies have dealt with the subject of child abuse in all its forms, society has been slow in term of recognizing the frequency with this committed assault. Since the last 20 years, research has understood the importance of CSA as a public health problem, yet the actual extent of CSA remains unknown. It is because of the efforts of a small number of researchers. The issues involved have been ignored, and there is correspondingly little mention of them in historical and anthropological studies (The political Consequences of Child Abuse, Alice Miller, The journal of psychiatry 26 (2) Fall 1998). For example, in May 2008 the world woke to the shocking news that a 71 years old Austrian man had imprisoned his own daughter in a small soundproofed windowless cellar of his family home for 24 years. During this time he raped her repeatedly and fathered seven children with her. Although around 100 people live on and off that house, none reported their c oncern to the authorities, preferring to turn a blind eye to what was going on. Moreover, most of the available information about CSAs distribution and determinants has not been based on methodologically valid and reliable measures. The lack of accurate estimates inhibits the development of effective preventive and treatment interventions. Similarly, S, Sarantakos (1998) illustrates further that data and materials already collected can only become available to researchers if the government allows it. The political bias may arises when government and funding bodies set priorities on issues they wish to be studied, promoting only what they consider as important and suppressing research in areas which they do not wish to see explored. Priorities are often biased, and certain minority groups and problems are neglected and certainly disadvantaged. The government appoints assessors of research grant applications to select the proposals that deserved support. But who are the assessors and who determined the parameter of choice? (S, Sarantakos, 1998). For example, Child abuse, that is actually neglected. Empirical sociological research studies based on data collected from children themselves are relatively few (Amit-Talai and Wuff, 1995; Mayball 1994a). The method used in the first journal How Women Label their Own CSA was cross-sectional followed by structured interviews. The study was supported by a grant from the Texas Academy of Family Physician foundation. The main objectives of the studies were: to compare victims of CSA who labelled their experiences as abusive with victims who did not, examining differences in abusive experiences, victim characteristics, perpetrator characteristics, and family relationships. Interestingly, it illustrates that despite the psychological impact of sexual abuse, many victims do not acknowledge that their experience were abuse. Abuse whether acknowledge or unacknowledged, is associated with more psychological and sociological adjustment problems (Varia et al, 1996). Layman et .al (1996) found that acknowledged victims of rape reported more post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms than unacknowledged victims, who had more symptoms than non-victims. Although CSA is widely prevalent in the United Sta tes, an estimated 16% of males and 27% of females report some experiences with unwanted sexual experiences during childhood (Finkelhor, 1994). Likewise, Stander, Olson, and Merrill (2002) discovered that self-identification as a victim of CSA was associated with threats-force, incest and younger age of onset. In addition to the characteristics of the abuse, other factors may affect how an individual defines the experience: victim characteristics (for example, gender, cultural background and education) and family environment. The study is a secondary analysis of the Childhood Experience and Adult Stress (CEAS) database conducted in the Family Health Centre of the University Health Centre-Downtown in San Antonio, Texas. In the study, 100 women were assessed for major depressive episode(MDE), panic disorder, agoraphobia, substance abuse, post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), borderline personality disorder(BPD), bulimia and suicidal where only 68 women met criteria for at least one ad ult disorder; several had multiple co-morbidities. Re-using the qualitative data has several ethical and legal concerns. These include the use of whether and, if so, when researchers should seek consent to re-use data in secondary studies (Alderson, 1998). This could be done at the time when data are collected. However, information on exactly how data will be reused, by whom and for what purpose, is likely to be scant at this time. Alternatively, consent could be sought retrospectively, when particular secondary studies are planned. But this requires that participants identity and contact details are known and can be used for this purpose. Re-contacting participants also presents researchers with logistical and ethical difficulties where people might have changed address or may have died; being re-contacted may also be unwelcome to some former participants. In addition, whether or not researchers decide to seek fresh consent for a secondary study may depend on the data collection and the type of planned qualitative secondary analysis (Sage, social research methods, 2008). Moreover, in the study, researchers didnt do any attempt to re-contacting and taking fresh consent for the studies; which are relatively difficult task. Doing research under such situation brings conflict for future policy and practice. Likewise, the original study sought to identify predictors of mental health and mental disorders in women with a history of CSA whereas the second analytic research on the same data was to identify factors that predict how women label their own experience of CSA. Such research findings might not be reliable and replicable. Similarly, it has been observed that several women in the sample had not labelled their childhood sexual experiences as abuse. Therefore, this analysis was conducted by using dependent variable acknowledgement of abuse, in an attempt to understand how women subjected to sexual abuse as children come to define their experiences as abuse. A variable is a concept that can take two or more values where dependent variable is affected or explained by another variable (S, Sarantakos, social research methods, 1998, p73). Measurement relates to variables. In the study, several variables were associated with labelling in the bivriate comparisons, but did not reach significance in the logistic regression: (1) racial/ethnic background, (2) use of force/threats, and (3) duration of abuse. Hispanic was less likely than non-Hispanic whites to acknowledge the sexual activities as abuse. In the sample, only English speaking females aged 18-40 were approached where 65% of the women were from Hispanic family. Thus, these responses may have uniquely reflected local culture and values in a young adult cohort. The population of Sant Antonio has majority of Hispanic ethnicity and other dominant groups include non-Hispanic and African Americans. Those groups represented in the clinic population and in the sample were low income, which reflected the entire community. It is not appropriate to generalize whole population on the basis of findings of such limited study criteria. Furthermore, the sample included only those who were willing to tell and describe the childhood experiences of abusive activity in a face-to-face interview. One third of those who met the criteria were not willing to disclose and participate in the research. This is the fact that they may not have differed in the nature of their experiences because they did not differ demographically from the 100 partici pants. The CSA screening consisted of three main questions about their childhood sexual patterns. Women saying yes to any of the question were asked to complete a structured interview concerning the sexual abuse experience and their childhood environment and taken informed consent as well. The family-of-origin questionnaire describes the household environment throughout childhood. The 25-item parental bonding instrument assessed the quality of the parent-child relationship during the subjects childhood. The demographic questionnaire collected information on subjects gender, age, marital status, household size, educational attainment, occupation, income, and racial /ethnic background. The study has several limitations. Firstly, the outcome variable, acknowledgement of abuse had a single question and therefore may lack reliability. Secondly, the use of multiple comparisons may have inflation alpha level. Thirdly, the sample was small and unique, limiting statistical power and generalizability . In fact, the sample differed from other studies demographically. Finally, researching about traumatic childhood experiences biased politically because of the unattainable objectives. Furthermore, interviewing adult can result in data biased by poor recollection, re-interpretation of events, and failure to disclose. The study was funded by the private sponsor of the same study, so the applicability of the findings are surely related to political factors and it will totally depend on the sponsor to apply findings. The second journal family Environment in Hispanic College Females with a History of CSA sought to examine the family environments of a sample of Hispanic college women who reported childhood sexual abuse. The qualitative method with individual interview was used in the study. The main objective was to explore the relation of child maltreatment in ethnic diversity associated with cultural factors and prevalence through the study of Hispanic female college students .In the study, eighteen women, ranging from 20 to 49 years , were taken from a larger college sample. Those women were individually interviewed and administered the Family Environment Scale (FES, Moos and Moos, 1994). The qualitative methodology was employed to the study. The larger the sample size, the grater the precision (Bryman, A, 2008, p180). The sample size in the study were relatively small, in such circumstances, the scope of the findings of qualitative investigation is restrictive. On the other hand, the findings c an not be generalized to other settings because of its subjective nature and small sample size. Furthermore, it is almost impossible to conduct a true replication. The study illustrates that ethnic diversity and cultural factors which may affect the prevalence of such abuse, so, the victims emotional and behavioural response, as well as the disclosure of the sexual abuse should be ignored (Kenny and McEachern, 2000). Existing research that has examined Hispanic victims compared with victims from other ethnic group have found that Hispanic victims were more likely to have been abused by extended family members (Arroyo et al.1997) because of the given cultural value to the family with strict rules. However, good relationship among family members, caring each other, sense of obligation, loyalty and duty; because of those values placed in the family, they would not like to reveal the CSA, which would be marked as shame and guilt in the society. Furthermore, the participants were evenly distributed across all socioeconomic levels. However, it was impossible to analyze the data separately by Hispanic group because of small sample size. The project received approval from the University Research review Board and committee for human Subjects. Since the beginning of the research project, frequent announcement were made in a number of educational classes during the year. Potential participants were instructed to call the author and take an appointment for the participation. The participants who were participated in the research process were granted extra credit to their academic career. It implicated that they are just attracting and motivating the participants to participate and their motive was just to finish the research. In such circumstances, the research findings will be politically biased due to motives of the research funding. It does not actually seem to produce knowledge and generate theory. Such research would definitely have negative influence to future researchers. (May, T, 1997) Furthermore, the following questions can be asked in any piece of research: who funded it? How was it conducted and by whom? What were the problems associated with the design and execution and how were the results interpreted and used? This enables to understand the context in which research takes place and the influences upon it as well as countering the tendency to see the production and design of the research as a technical issue uncontaminated by political and ethical questions (May, T, 1997 p45-46) .For example, in the study, even after several announcement and with incentives (credit) there were only eighteen participants. During the process, informed consent was taken assuring confidentiality prior to the interview. Individual interviews were chosen owing to the sensitive nature of the material .The interview consisted of open-ended and closed questions about the demographic information including the participants potential history of sexual abuse. Following the use of a closed question, such as what age were you when the abuse began? further questions were elicited for more information during the interview. Furthermore, after interview, Family Environment scale (FES) was provided to the participants and allowed as much time as they like to complete. It is unstructured and often reliant upon the researchers ingenuity where conducting a true replication is almost impossible. Furthermore, there are hardly any standard procedures to be followed (Bryman, A, 2008 p391). Not only that, the researcher him or herself is the main instrument of data collection, so that what is observed and heard and also what re searcher decides to concentrate upon is very much a product of his or her predictions. For example, some researchers are likely to empathize with other issues; while others choose to focus upon what strikes them as significant. Similarly, the responses of participants to such a qualitative research are likely to be affected by the characteristics of the researcher (personality, age, gender, and so on). Because of the unstructured nature of qualitative data, interpretation will be influenced by the subjective leaning of a researcher (A, Bryman, 2008, p391). Because of those factors, it is difficult, not to say impossible-to replicate such qualitative findings. The goal of the study was to learn more about the family experiences of the women who reported CSA to generate future directions for future research and contribute to the understanding of Hispanic womens experiences with CSA. The FES measure consisting of 9-item subscale was used to measure the respondents perceptions of the topic. The results highlighted some important areas for future inquiry. Some of the hypothesis was confirmed. The first hypothesis, that this sample would report elevated scores on the EFS of family conflict and decreased scores on Organization, was not supported. They did not demonstrated elevated scores on the conflict subscale of EFS because of focus on general conflict among family members. The second hypothesis, the organization of these families found some support, but the study showed a rather hierarchical structure with the father or parents at the top in most families; for example; male authority 50% and 39% of mothers made decisions. The third hypothesi s was regarding the issue of sexuality; these women would report repressed sexual attitudes in their homes seems to have been confirmed for example, majority of them reported that their parents did not discuss issue related to sexuality. In the study, all women were from a voluntary college population that is not representative of the greater Hispanic population; hence, making generalization to other groups is difficult. Similarly, the study used non-contact sexual experiences, so, careful examination of definitions of sexual abuse used in other studies should be made before comparisons are conducted. Future studies should focus on disclosure process including family reactions and level of parental support following disclosure. Likewise, comparing the responses of these participants to those who are not college students would be helpful for future comparisons. In conclusion, both studies used relatively small sample that contained especially Hispanic female individuals from varying subgroups. Making generalization to others is difficult. Both studies are retrospective in nature, which required women to recall past incidents of child abuse as well as other dimensions of their families, poses limitation. Re-evaluation of past experiences and error in recall may affect responding in unknown ways (Clemmons et al, 2003; Rafaelli and Ontai, 2004); some claims that retrospective studies probably underreport abuse (Bolen, 1998). Furthermore, interviewing adult about past experiences of childhood sexual abuse can result in data bias. In addition, it is difficult to measure validity and reliability of the research. To a large extent, both studies lack transparency from research process to findings. The power that exercised in the research and sponsors influences over procedures are highly remarkable in both studies.

Ripng Ospfv3 And Eigrpv6 In Ipv6 Information Technology Essay

Ripng Ospfv3 And Eigrpv6 In Ipv6 Information Technology Essay A working model of the purpose is implemented in Packet Tracer and it illustrates how routing can be achieved between to dissimilar routing domains. It highlights both positive and negative aspects like full visibility and potential routing loops consequently. Findings Access lists can be used to avoid routing loops. More study is needed when OFPF is redistributed into RIP-EIGRP combination. Originality/value this paper addresses how different routing protocol domains can be interconnected and enjoy the full visibility of routers that belongs to different routing protocols Keywords EIGRPv6, RIPng, OSPFv3, redistribution, Administrative Distance, Access list, routing loops Introduction Though IPv4 is proved as one of the dominant network layer protocol which has been in use for last 3 decades since its development in 1981 (RFC 791), people still find a need for an enhanced and better protocol due to the ever growing networks. When IPv4 address scheme was made, developers did not give a thought that internet would explode and expand too rapidly as we see the current picture of networks today. To slow down the depletion of address space, IPv4 protocol was further updated in 1993 and started using as classless (CIDR) (RFC 1519) which was failed to be adequate enough as a long term solution for conserving IP addresses. As the architecture of IPv4 has been subjected to changes, so the underneath routing protocols like RIP, OSPF, IGRP, EIGRP, BGP, IS-IS etc. are also been updated or reformed in order to have better routing and converged networks. In 1994, NAT was came up with public address and private address concept and succeeded to a great extent in conserving the IPv 4 addresses (RFC 1631). A report generated by IANA predicted that IPv4 would completely run out of available addresses by 2011 (Potaroo, 2011). In 1998 December, a new internet protocol, IPv6, is proposed with Expanded Address Capabilities, support for hierarchy in addressing, simplified header format and support for real-time services like IPTV (RFC 2460). Just like in IPv4, IPv6 (routed protocol) is also dependent on routing protocols to route the packets. Since 1997, networking groups started developing routing protocols to support IPv6 and they successfully standardized RIPng, OSPFv3, EIGRPv6, BGPv6 and IS-ISv6 in the subsequent years. These protocols are developed for 128 bit address and better security, without having much difference to their counterparts in IPv4. We cannot expect entire network to be operated by a single type of dynamic routing protocol. Depending upon size of network and requirements, administrator may choose relevant routing protocol still maintaining full connectivity among the nodes in network. The possible solutions are using static routes or deploying mutual redistribution among different protoc ol domains. As IPv4 routing protocols, RIPv2, OSPFv2 and EIGRP are well established, there are minimal redistribution issues among them. Whereas in case of IPv6 there is good amount of scope to understand and research on practical issues that arise when mutual redistribution is applied among them. Following sections of document deals with review of RIPng, OSPFv3 and EIGRPv6 individually and a practical implementation in packet tracer is shown. Later sections demonstrate how Administrative Distance (AD) of a dynamic routing protocol create loops or route to infinity and how access-list can be applied in order to avoid them. RIPng RIPng is developed in 1997 and it uses Ford-Fulkerson algorithms. And nevertheless to mention, RIPng is a distance vector protocol which depends on route on rumor, just like its earlier versions. RIPng is best suited for smaller size networks having hop count limited to 15. Beyond 15, any router would be considered as unreachable (RFC 2080). For every 30 seconds, entire Database of routing information is being exchanged and this could be keep networks always processing data. It uses hold down timer prevent route loops when a router or a particular interface of a router, or a network goes down. Split horizon is another concept which is enabled by default in cisco routers help preventing routing loops. Trigger updates are generated when there is a change in the topology to have better convergence. One of the reasons for slower convergence when compared to link-state routing protocols is when an update is being multicasted to the neighbors, first they sniff the packet, analyze and then make changes to TTL field, metric and then forward the packet to next hop. Because of this update packet spends notable amount of time at every node and hence convergence is slower as shown below. Fig: forwarding process in RIPng The main drawbacks of this protocols is higher convergence time, limited number of router in routing domain and high amount of traffic for administration and maintenance. Below is another screenshot from the working model which depicts the RIPng routing domain. OSPFv3: RFC2740 is proposed and standardized for OSPF that supports IPv6 networks in 1999. As its previous versions, OSPFv3 came up with many of its fundamental concepts like support for areas, flooding, and algorithm (Dijkstra) for calculating shortest path first (SPF), Designated and Backup Designated router selection intact. Changes are done to accommodate new IP address format which is 128 bit one. OSPF in IPv6 networks run on per-link basis where as it is per-IP-subnet based in IPv4. And the main difference is authentication is removed from OSPF protocol itself as IPv6 got its own Authentication Header and Encapsulating Security Payload (RFC 2740). OSPF form adjacency with attached routers and work in areas. A router can have many instances of OSPF process and hence inter connecting more nodes which belongs to more than one area as shown in the below screenshot from the working model of packet tracer. Fig3: OSPFv3 and Inter-Area connections OSPF uses hello packets and to make sure of adjacency. For every 10 seconds, OSPF enabled router sends hello packets to neighbors and in case if does not get reply for hello in four times the hello interval that particular adjacent node is announced as dead and accordingly updates will be sent to the affected nodes only. OSPF does not process the update packet before forwarding. Hence convergence time is very low even in a big network. Even though SPF algorithm looks simple, it involves complex calculation and hence it requires large amount of resources i.e CPU memory and time. OSPF is best suited to deploy in larger networks. EIGRPv6: EIGRP is ciscos proprietary protocol and works only in cisco routers. EIGRPv6, like its previous version, uses Diffusion Algorithm (DUAL) to make network really loop-free. Though EIGRP is categorized as distance vector protocol, it carries features from link-state model and hence EIGRP deals with neighbor and topology databases. Like RIP, EIGRPv6 does not send its entire database to the adjacencies which would create lot of administrative traffic. EIGRPv6 maintains installs both successor and feasible successor routes in the topology table. Whenever the successor route goes down, within no time, it installs feasible successor into the routing table and hence convergence is very fast in EIGRPv6. It generates triggers whenever there is a change in the topology. Just like OSPF, EIGRP can run multiple instances of the process and hence work in multiple process domains. EIGRPv6 uses bandwidth and delay for calculating metric as default parameters and user can change this metric by includi ng reliability and load. Below is the screenshot of EIGRPv6 routing domain with backup routes (Netacad, 2011). Fig4: EIGRPv6 domain Redistribution: Using a routing protocol to advertise routes that are learned by some other means, such as by another routing protocol, static routes, or directly connected routes, is called redistribution (Cisco, 2011). Though it is recommended to use single routing protocol throughout the network, in some scenarios it may be required to advertise routes of a particular routing protocol domain to a different routing protocol domain, especially when organizations merge, or multiple departments merge. Every routing protocol has its own way of calculating and using metric for routing packets. RIPng uses hop count as metric, OSPF is based on Bandwidth and EIGRP use Bandwidth, delay, reliability, load and MTU to calculate metric. As metric plays key role in redistribution, it needs to be set along with CLI commands of redistribution. Care must be taken to advertise correct metric while redistributing. Following is the screenshot from working model. For illustration purpose let us focus on redistribution between EIGRP and RIP routing protocol domains. Fig: Mutual redistribution between EIGRPv6 and RIPng Routers in the EIGRP domain neither reach nor have the visibility of routers deployed in RIP domain. The common point between these routing domains is called edge router and this router run both RIPng and EIGRPv6. We need to enable mutual redistribution on these edge routers. When we configure the edge router with following configuration, routes of RIP protocol domain will be learned by routers in the EIGRP protocol domain with the specified metric. In the same way when we issue the following configuration on the edge router, routes of EIGRP will be distributed into RIP protocol domain and RIP speaking routers learns about EIGRP routes with specified metric. We can find if redistribution successfully imported routes into adjacent routing domain by observing the route entries of IPv6. All native routes are either marked as C or D representing directly connected and EIGRP routes respectively. Whereas distributed routes are marked as EX exterior EIGRP routes with administrative distance of 170 and calculated metric to the respective network. The same can be observed in the following screenshot. Each and every router in both the domains has full visibility to any other router and the same can be checked in the working model of packet tracer using ping command. In the same way multi-area OSPF protocol domain is configured with the below shown configuration having Area0 as backbone area and Area1 and Area2 are connected to backbone area on both the sides. Now configure mutual redistribution between OSPF into RIP. Routes should be updated accordingly and full connectivity must be established between any two nodes in the packet tracer. When OSPF routes are redistributed into a system having RIP and EIGRP, all the routers are not converged and formations of routing loops are suspected. This will be discussed in the following sections. Note: After launching the packet tracer, it is recommended to wait for 1-2 minutes before pinging any node as it takes some time for converging. Administrative Distance contributing to routing loops: As each dynamic routing protocol has its own way of calculating metric, they cannot be used to compare routes. This can be taken care by Administrative Distance as it represents the degree of reliability of a route. Most preferable routes are chosen based on the AD. Lower the AD, better the reliability and precedence will be given to that route. Static routes got preference over any other route as AD for static route is 0. In the same way Interior EIGRP got AD of 90, OSPF is of 110, RIP is of 120 and finally Exterior EIGRP is of 170. A close observation of EIGRP domain says that it got redundant paths introducing possibility for routing loops. R2 and R4 learn about network 2006::0/64 (which is highlighted in red) through RIPng and advertise this information into EIGRP domain when redistribution is applied. Using EIGRPv6, R2 learns about network 2006::0/64 from R1 or R4 and R4 learns the same network from R1, R5 or R2. As EIGRP has less Administrative Distance (90) than RIP (120), the EIGRP route is the one used in the routing table causing routing loop. Even techniques like split horizon is used, still these networks suffer from convergence problem. When EIGRP is redistributed into RIP this problem gets more worsen as R3 learns about 2006::0/64, which is a directly connected network, from other routers. Solution to this problem is using access lists to deny routing updates of 2006::0/64 into its own routing domain i.e RIP. Following shown configuration applied on both R2 and R4 describes how to set access-list. After access lists are applied on edge routers, both domains become fully converged with full reachability. Insufficient route updates will happen when redistribution is applied between RIP and OSPF domains. Potential reasons for this problem are yet to be known and further study is required. Packet tracer 5.3 does not support tracert for IPv6 networks and sometimes it causing the application to crash. CONCLUSION: In the stand still mode, each routing domain is fully converged and any node can ping any other node inside the routing domain. When RIP and EIGRP are mutually redistributed into each other, potential route loops and insufficient route tables are observed because of Administrative Distance. These problems are attended by using access list with permit and deny commands. After applying access lists on edge routers, EIGRP and RIP are fully converged and full connectivity is established. Insufficient route tables are observed with OSPF redistribution into RIP and the causes of this problem are yet to be studied. Simulation tool, Packet tracer 5.3, needs to be updated as when IPv6 networks are simulated two things are observed. One, application is getting crashed frequently without any reason and the second is tracert is not supported for IPv6 networks. This model could be further used to analyze QoS and path vector protocols like BGP and IS-IS and to examine how networks behave in Autono mous Systems (AS). [1]RFC 791, http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc791.txt, Last accessed 14-01-2011 [2] RFC 1519, ftp://ftp.rfc-editor.org/in-notes/rfc1519.txt, Last accessed 14-01-2011 [3] RFC 1631, ftp://ftp.rfc-editor.org/in-notes/rfc1631.txt, Last accessed 14-01-2011 [4] Potaroo 2010, IPv4 Address report, http://www.potaroo.net/tools/ipv4/, Last accessed 14-01-2011 [5] RFC 2460, ftp://ftp.rfc-editor.org/in-notes/rfc2460.txt, Last accessed 14-01-2011 [6] RFC 2080, ftp://ftp.rfc-editor.org/in-notes/rfc2080.txt, Last accessed 14-01-2011 [7] RFC 2740, ftp://ftp.rfc-editor.org/in-notes/rfc2740.txt, Last accessed 14-01-2011 [8] Netacad 2011, https://auth.netacad.net/idp/Authn/NetacadLogin, Last accessed 14-01-2011 [9]Cisco 2011, http://www.cisco.com/en/US/tech/tk365/technologies_tech_note09186a008009487e.shtml, Last accessed 14-01-2011

Denying Medical Value Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tens of thousands of patients are denied of medical cannabis that could benefit from its therapeutic use. Not only does it help ease the pain of many agonizing diseases, but it also contributes to the prevention of some illnesses. It can also replace harmful antibiotics that we use now. An abundance of arguments have been made on this issue, but I feel as though most of them are a bit far-fetched and can be retaliated with legitimate responses, which will be further explained later in this essay. So far, twelve states have legalized marijuana for medicinal uses. These states include Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Maine, Maryland, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Vermont, and Washington. The earliest to pass this law was in 1996, and with much reason.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Medicinal marijuana can provide multiple types of pain relief. First, it was proved to relieve asthma attacks and improve breathing. Also, its active ingredient, THC, reduces vomiting and nausea caused by chemotherapy. It relieves the muscle pain and spasticity that comes from multiple sclerosis, and may also help some of these unfortunate patients with bladder control and relieve tremor. The leading cause of blindness in the United States is caused by glaucoma, which is when the pressure inside one’s eyeball has increased. Marijuana, when smoked, reduces this pressure, making it a significant amount better to deal with. Medicinal cannabis also strongly improv...

Talk Show Guests Should Go to Therapy Instead :: essays research papers

The Talk Shows Each day, thousands of talk shows spend a great deal of time and money for people to attend their show from all across the country to discuss their personal problems and get them resolved. Each day, thousands of people go through the ritual of being humiliated or excited by these talk shows. Instead, they should go to a professional therapists and not a talk show, like The Maury Show, to discuss their problems. Most professional therapists offer a wide variety of options or choices as well as important ideas that are not offered by talk shows. If the people have not decided on a therapist to learn more about the many different ways to deal with their problems then there is no other help. Matelski stated that ?daytime talk shows helped local programmers fill the gaps in their schedules brought about by increased federal broadcast regulation in the 1970s-specifically, U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC)-imposed Financial Interest and Syndication rules.? I feel that daytime talk shows should not be played at all because the things that are shown are very negative toward the people that watch them. Most professional therapists also have a more diverse occupation than those of The Maury Show. In a therapist?s office the people have an opportunity to discuss their physical, mental, sexual, and emotional problems to improve their life. It is true that The Maury Show does not offer the prestige of the professional therapists. However if prestige is significant, the people could complete a session at a better-known therapy. And whether the advice the people receive at a therapist is equal to that provided by a more prestigious therapy can be determined only on a case by case basis, since much of the success of any talk show depends on the individual people.

The Splendid Little War :: essays papers

The Splendid Little War February 15th, 1898, all is quiet in Havana Harbor. The crew of the USS Maine is sound asleep less a few solitary watchmen. The brackish sea air and the calm ocean breeze are soothing and peaceful. This would hardly suggest the terror about to erupt on this â€Å"peaceful† visit to the Spanish-controlled Cuban harbor. At 9:45PM, a violent explosion rips the Maine apart sending it plummeting down to the muddy sea floor and killing nearly all of her crew. All of the Spanish boats in the harbor rushed to the aid of the American vessel and its survivors: the commander, Captain Charles D. Sigsbee, and a few lucky crewmembers. Even though Captain Sigsbee, a favorite of the Naval Department, urged President McKinley not to react in an aggressive manner toward Spain, the media, namely New York newspaper editors Pulitzer and Hearst, already inflating current issues relating to the Cuban revolution, spin the incident out of control. The American public goes mad with suspicion of Spanish fowl play and the sinking of the USS Maine serves as the immediate catalyst to the Spanish-American war. This â€Å"Splendid Little War† is deeply rooted in Spain’s rule over Cuba as a colony infringing upon American interests in Cuban agriculture and goods. The first episodes of war-like acts between the U.S. and Spain began with the explosion of the USS Maine in 1898. After the catastrophe, many attempts to solve the mystery behind the explosion and withhold peace took place, including the ambassadors of England, Germany, France, Italy, Austria, Russia, and the Pope appealing to president McKinley for peace. Despite numerous efforts against it, McKinley asks congress for war April 11, 1898 and U.S. troops mobilized on April 16. The Teller amendment passes through Congress stating that the U.S. would not annex Cuba. Congress declares Cuba independent on April 19. Shortly after the United States Navy blockades Cuba the first Spanish ship was taken. By April 25, both Spain and the U.S. declare war. The Spanish-American War was an extremely quick war, highlighted in history by Theodore Roosevelt and his Rough Riders in the battle of San Juan Hill. Spain was completely stomped. On the way to capture the Philippine Islands, Spain’s most worthwhile colony U.S. Naval forces also capture Guam. Closer to home, the U.

Supply and Demand and Equilibrium Price

Individual Assignment #1 1. Briefly point out the faulty reasoning in each of the following situations: a. You win a free, nontransferable ticket to a Sheryl Crow concert. Since the ticket is free and it will therefore cost you nothing to go, you decide to go to the concert. b. You paid nonrefundable tuition of $3,000 to take a 15-week course. Therefore, the opportunity cost of attending class each week is $3,000 divided by 15, or $200. c. You have purchased 5 premium apples for $1. 99 a pound, but when you get home, you discover they are mushy.Since you paid top dollar for these apples, you decide you have to eat them. 2. Briefly explain why the following statements are either TRUE or FALSE: a. Even though school dormitory rooms are rationed by lottery, these rooms are still affected by economic forces. b. Because the U. S. postal service is a monopoly and Congress sets postal prices through legislation, market forces do not determine stamp prices. c. New York City government auctio ns taxi medallions that give the right to transport passengers by taxi.Because the government controls the number of medallions, market forces do not determine their price. 3. Indicate whether each of the following statements describes an increase in demand, decrease in demand, change in quantity demanded, increase in supply, decrease in supply, or change in quantity supplied in the given market. a. Store-brand soup prices are cut, reducing sales of Campbell’s soup. Market: Campbell’s soup. b. Coffee bean prices hit an 18-month low following a bountiful harvest. Market: coffee beans. c. A summer heat wave leads to higher prices for bottled water.Market: bottled water. d. Holiday clothing discounts boost clothing sales. Market: clothing. e. Apple introduces a tinier and more powerful iPod model. Market: older iPod models. f. The cost of pesticides increases, leading to a rise in the price of soy beans. Market: soy beans. 4. Given the following data for individuals, draw the market demand curve and market supply curve for CDs. Assume that these are the only individuals in the entire market. Price is per CD. |Price |$8. 00 |$8. 50 |$9. 00 |$9. 50 |$10. 00 |$10. 0 | |Quantity demanded in units per week | |Mark |3 |3 |1 |0 |0 |0 | |Lynn |8 |7 |6 |3 |2 |1 | |Jason |6 |5 |4 |3 |0 |0 | |Erin |10 |9 |7 |6 |4 |2 | |Quantity supplied in units per week | |Jeff |0 |1 |2 |3 |4 |6 | |Beth |2 |3 |3 |4 |6 |7 | |Chris |0 |1 |2 |3 |5 |6 | |Abby |1 |1 |2 |2 |3 |5 | a. What would be the equilibrium price and quantity in this market? b. Which would there be—excess demand or excess supply—at a price of $8. 00? How much? What about at a price of $10. 00? c. If the price of a CD was initially set at $9. 00 but the price was allowed to adjust, would the price rise or fall? Explain your answer. 5.State the effect of the following events on equilibrium price and quantity of the market given. a. Beetle infestation decimates tobacco crop. Market: cigars. b. The Organization for Petroleum Export Countries raises oil export quotas. Market: gasoline. c. Digital image albums become the rage among households while improved technology reduces the cost of producing digital cameras. Market: digital cameras. c. Hurricanes in the Gulf coast cause gasoline supply disruptions while the summer travel season ends. Market: gasoline. 6. The graph below shows supply and demand curves for annual medical office visits. Using this graph, answer the questions below. [pic] a.If the market were free from government regulation, what would be the equilibrium price and quantity? b. Calculate total expenditures on office visits with this equilibrium price and quantity. c. If the government subsidized office visits and required that all consumers were to pay $30 per visit no matter what the actual cost, how many visits would consumers demand? d. What payment per visit would doctors require in order to supply that quantity of visits? e. Calculate total expenditures on office visits under the condition of this $30 co-payment. f. How do total expenditures with a co-payment of $30 compare to total expenditures without government involvement? Provide a numerical answer.

The Use of Mixed Narrative in Anthills of the Savannah

Explore the uses and effects of mixed record in Anthills of the savanna By Emmanuel Sunil Anthills of the Savannah is tag in the fictitious westward Afri throw out solid ground of Kangan, a country which has been overrun with semipolitical imbalance always since becoming an independent responsibility from British rule. The overbold centers on the lives of ternary gracious servants, Christopher Oriko, Ikem Osodi and Beatrice Naynibuife, and every last(predicate) trio serve cardinal separate yarn joins in the novel, each sharing his or her admit shoot of view.This provides the reader with a 360 degree translate of the authority by offering doubled points of view as well as enabling the reader to make judgments for him/ herself quite a than relying on a narrator or a single character to tote up descriptions of people and events. In this essay I shall pack detail the narrative roles of all three characters of the novel. Christopher Oriko is the Commissioner of In earnation in the locker of His Excellency, surface-to-air missile. His duties bring him to close proximity to Sam and thus we obtain an insiders account of the political situation in Kangan.Chris informs us in the very first chapter of Sams frequent mood swings. In fact he goes as far as to say that days are uncorrupted or bad for us outright according to how His Excellency gets out of bang in the morning. Here, Chris indicates the dictatorial spirit of Sam thus setting a stage for the instability in the government. Chris alike has a very realistic tone of the situation and he is careful in pushing for neaten than his close shoplifter Ikem, who he thinks is far too highly sensitive to the danger of angering Sam.A topic which is a great deal considered in Chris narrative is the futility of Ikems editorials which makes Sam consider him as treacherous. Chris often defends Ikem however he is getting tired of doing so. This difference in purview and the fact that Ikem has mo re freedom leaves Chris with growing resentment towards Ikem, and the two seem to be drifting further obscure as the novel progresses I empennaget talk to Ikem any more. I am tired. And drained of all toughness, says Chris in chapter octonary. Ikem Osodi , who has replaced Chris as the editor of the state controlled National Gazette, feels that the situation in Kangan can hardly be improved hrough reform. The editor often writes sharp and editorials undecomposed of criticism towards the government, giving insights to the problems in Kangan (for cause public executions). Ikem states that the best weapon against toothless government is passion Passion is our believe and strength, something that he feels immensely good close to and in addition reflects in his calculate, for employment Hymn to the Sun, where Sam is compared to the lie as a metaphor to something that is immensely functionful yet equally destructive.As mentioned in the previous paragraph, His editorial s often consecrate him in conflict with Chris, who is now Ikems boss, however Ikem refuses any interference towards his work as long as I remain the editor, I shall non try on anybodys permission to what I write, however he still acknowledges that in that respect is a big danger doing this. patronage the fact that he is an extremist, Ikem also adds caprice through sarcasm ( following a leader who follows his leader would be quite a circus), and thus devising the novel quite amusing at times.Beatrice Naynibuife is Chris girlfriend and also works in the government (in the ministry of finance). She has been intimate with Ikem, Sam and Chris at some point in her demeanor and even though she is engaged in a relationship with Chris, she still gives us an unbiased outsiders opinion about the situation between the three of them. For example in chapter five, she claims that all three of you, are incredibly conceited. The romance of this country, as far as you are concerned, is the s tory of the three of you. Although much of her narrative concerns her own past, she also tries to bridge the ever maturation gap between Chris and Ikem in chapter eight she tries to persuade Chris to talk to Ikem and work together to solve the mounting crisis of Sams power hunger ( trying supreme power similar to Idemili). Apart form these three an unknown narrator also exists in the novel. While he does not give us any personalized opinions like the other narrators, he gives dilate into African traditions such the story of the goddess Idemili.The diametric narrators of the novel give us distinguishable opinions about the same events that occur, and this as verbalize in the introduction gives a unspoilt and accurate picture of the current situation in the country. It is surprising that despite the novel being about the political instability and the unfortunate condition of the people it is only the upper class that has a voice in the novel a chassis of metaphor indicating the division in the high society and proving that it is only the upper class that has the power to bring about reform.Also, the mixed narratives do not follow a chronological pattern, which could symbolize the general state of mix-up in the country. Achebes use of multiple narrative voices indicates that history is more than a set of events in the past to be told it is also the feelings and ideas that different people have about the events and at the same time focuses on the community rather than on the undivided